Even
the avid hiker will find the Mission Creek Nature Trail to be one of the
most challenging hikes in the city trails network. Steep and muddy in
sections this 4.5 mile hike will take a good four hours and good footwear
is a must.
Mission Creek
is located at the far western end of the city in the Fond du Lac neighborhood.
Take Grand Ave (Highway 23) to 131st Ave West. Turn right past Fond du
Lac Park and follow the street until it ends in an open field. You may
park here or continue on and park where the road meets the creek. The
trail is in one of the oldest historic areas of Duluth and uses some old
highway and railroad grades which would otherwise be completely abandoned.
It also passes through a great cross section of geological and botanical
examples of the northern forest region.
HISTORY
Long before Duluth and Superior were established at the lake head, Fond
du Lac was an important summer encampment for the local Ojibway people.
Here they met and traded with other groups from the south shore of Lake
Superior and in 1817 John Jacob Astor's fur company established a trading
post at Fond du Lac. In 1834 Ely Mission was founded on the site of what
is now the Fond du Lac Community Church at 131st Ave West.
Local Ojibway people used an ages old trail which followed the creek upstream
and then turned left toward Jay Cooke State Park. The first mail route
from Fond du Lac to Canada, covered by snowshoe and dog sled in the winter,
started its long journey just behind the Ojibway Lodge in 1857.
By the 1880's
a Brownstone quarry had been opened near where the DNR dam is today. Owned
by C.A. Krause this "Fond du Lac Sandstone" was hauled out by
rail and shipped as far away as New York City to build Victorian townhouses
on 5th Avenue. Many local buildings also used this fine building stone
and still stand as testimony to its durability.
In 1925 the
City of Duluth acquired the first parcel of land for the Fond du Lac Park
and the second parcel which completed the park was added in 1934.
Also during
the 30's the WPA constructed a road to connect Grand Avenue to Skyline
Parkway just above the present Becks Road. It followed Mission Creek part
of the way and the hiking trail still follows the remnants of it. Another
WPA project was a tree nursery which grew a great many of Duluth's beautiful
boulevard trees. Until 1969 when the business was sold a wide variety
of trees and shrubs were grown there.
Always popular
as a recreation site the park was host to many a skating and sleighing
party. The Fond du Lac Ski Hill opened in 1941 and was the scene of lots
of ski jumping contests and other winter activities. After the spring
floods in 1972 the ski jump was removed and the erosion damage to the
hill was filled, reseeded and planted to prevent further erosion.
GEOLOGY
The oldest rocks in the Duluth area are estimated at about 1.7 billion
years, a time when a vast inland sea covered this part of the continent.
Marine debris settled to the bottom, was incorporated into the earths
crust and became the slates and greywackes known as the Thompson Formation.
Prolific volcanic activity about 1.1 billion years ago in ancient mountains
called the North Shore Group affected the upper Great Lakes region. The
lava flows and the older rocks became incorporated over a large part of
this area and created the black granite we call Duluth Gabbro. Subsequent
subsidence of the earth's crust then formed a broad basin which received
deposits of layers of red sand from the rivers to our west. In time these
were buried and compressed into the sedimentary layer called Fond du Lac
Sandstone.
Jumping forward
in time to only about 1 million years ago, the Pleistocene Age, massive
glaciers descended and covered the area in hundreds of feet of ice. This
and the following three continental glaciations acted like huge earth
movers and transported tons of "rock flour", sand and boulders
of all sizes into the area. This glacial "till" contained rock
which can be traced to origins far to our northeast on the Canadian Shield.
When the
Pleistocene glaciers melted this till formed a huge dam which blocked
outflow of water from the eastern end of the preglacial basin thus forming
Glacial Lake Duluth who's only outlet was across the Brule-St. Croix Divide
to our southeast. The water level in Lake Duluth was 500 feet higher than
the level of Lake Superior. The shores of the lake lay where Skyline Drive
runs today, high above the present waterfront.
Red and grey
clays were washed into the lake bed for several hundred years and formed
the clay deposits we are familiar with here and along the south shore
of modern Lake Superior. When the last glacier finally retreated it opened
outlets at the far eastern end of the lake which gradually drained to
its present level.
Mission Creek
was able to cut its bed through glacial till rather than through the shallow
soils and rocky terrain which characterize other north shore streams.
Much of its course gradually descends broader and more open slopes to
end in the St. Louis River. Cutting through this soil layer the creek
exposes not only the more recent sandstone layer but also the older Thompson
level as well giving hikers the opportunity to examine a long stretch
of Duluth's geological history.
FLORA
Many different wild flower species are found along Mission Creek Trail.
Two of the most showy and protected are the Large Flowered Trillium and
the Yellow Lady's Slipper. Both put on an impressive spring show, blooming
under the hardwoods in the area marked B on the trail map. Also look for
Wild Ginger in the spruce/fir part of the forest.
Two areas
of climax forest, spruce/fir and further up the hill northern hardwoods
including oak, maple, basswood and elm, display the whole spectrum of
local trees. Climax forests arise because these species are shade tolerant
when young but spread broad shady canopies when grown which prevent the
rise of under brush and provide the open forest floor characteristic of
this stage in forest development.
The third
forest area is primary or Pioneer Forest. Consisting of Poplar, White
and Yellow Birch and smaller woody under story this type of forest replaces
Climax Forests when they are burned, logged or decimated by some other
means. These species need open sun to flourish but are short lived and
will give way to the shade tolerant seedlings of the hardwoods.
TRAIL NOTES
A. Mission Creek trailhead is just above the DNR holding dam which was
built to catch and hold logs and other debris from spring runoff or heavy
rains. East of the dam and above the trail is a well exposed area of glacial
till. Near the bottom of the till layer are the largest boulders filled
in by sand and smaller rocks. Upper layers are sand, silt and well sorted
cobbles just as they were laid down by the last glacier. Near the creek
bed are some of the large boulders with the smaller fill washed away leaving
lonely outliers from another age.
The trail
starts up through the Climax Forest of Balsam Fir and White Spruce. Be
prepared for wet and slippery spots caused by water seeping out around
the tree roots.
B. As the
trail climbs higher the forest changes from evergreen to deciduous hard
woods and flattens out to the old logging road which connects with the
Willard Munger multiple use trail.
C. This state
trail uses the old Burlington Northern Railway grade and is gradually
being linked to other trails and will extend all the way to St. Paul when
finished. It is used heavily all year and you should be watchful for bicycles
and horses sharing the trail with you.
D. Mission
Creek Trail takes a left after crossing the old trestle and the view to
the northeast is dominated by Ely Peak. This is an outlier of the hard
volcanic Gabbro which was left in place when the glaciers went through.
It is older and harder than the Fond du Lac Sandstone which surrounded
it. There is a side trail, not included in Mission Creek Trail which will
take you there.
E. &
F. The trail winds through the Pioneer soft wood forest and follows the
old Seven Bridges Road crossing and re-crossing the creek. Lower down
in this section are some old growth White Pines and White Spruce which
may be some of the largest in the Duluth area.
G. West of
the creek the trail changes it's route due to some repeated washouts.
Hike uphill toward Highway 23 and left parallel to the road for about
3/4 mile then left again and down a runoff gully to the bottom of the
old ski jump. Cross to the east side of the creek and follow the old roadway
back to the trailhead. |
